Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education,Ain Shams University, Roxy, Egypt
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education Ain Shams University, Roxy, Egypt
Associate Editor: Dr. Noor Danish Ahrar Mundari
Science and Engineering Applications 2017, 2, 96–108. doi:10.26705/SAEA.2017.2.1.96-108
Received 21 Feb 2017,
Accepted 5 Apr 2017,
Published 5 Apr 2017
The purpose of this paper is to apply a version of homotopy technique to excited nonlinear problems. A modulation for the homotopy perturbation is introduced in order to be successfully for nonlinear equations having periodic coefficients. The nonlinear damping Mathieu equation has been studied as a simplest example. The analysis proceeds without assuming weakly nonlinearity and without presence of small factor for the periodic term. In this analysis, two nonlinear solvability conditions are imposed. One of them imposed in the first-order homotopy perturbation and used to study the stability behavior at resonance and non-resonance cases. The second level of the perturbation produces another solvability condition and used to determine the unknowns appear in solution for the first-order solvability condition. The method can be, also, used for excited linear equation. Stability conditions, and also the transition curves, are formulated independent of the small parameter i.e. in the unperturbed form as an alternative to classical methods.
Keywords: Homotopy perturbation method; nonlinear Mathieu equation; modulation method; parametric resonance
In [1], perturbation methods depend on small parameter and choose unsuitable small parameter can be lead to wrong solution. Homotopy is an important part of topology [2] and it can convert any non-linear problem in to a finite linear problems and it doesn’t depend on small parameter.
The homotopy perturbation method, first proposed by Ji Huan He [3-6], has successfully been applied to solve many types of linear and nonlinear functional equations. This method, which is a combination of homotopy in topology and classic perturbation techniques, provides us with a convenient way to obtain analytic or approximate solutions to a wide variety of problems arising in different fields. He used the homotopy perturbation method to solve Lighthill equation [3], Duffing equation [7] and Blasius equation [8], then the idea go through and has been used to solve nonlinear wave equations [9], boundary value problems [10]. E. Babolian, J. Saeidian and A. Azizi [11] apply homotopy perturbation method to Burgers equation, the regularized long wave equation and the modified Korteweg-de Vries equation. M. Rabbani [12], introduce a new homotopy perturbation method for solving non-linear problems through projection method. A new homotopy perturbation method for solving linear and nonlinear Schrödinger equations has been addressed by Z.Ayati1, J. Biazar and S. Ebrahimi [13].
In this work, we apply the homotopy perturbation method to linear or nonlinear equations having periodic coefficients such Mathieu equation which has been of great importance among researchers. The Mathieu equation serves as a useful model for many interesting problems in applied mathematics, engineering mechanics, etc.
To explain the proposed technique, consider the following damping cubic nonlinear Mathieu equation as an illustrative example:
This equation is without any restrictions on its coefficients. The homotopy perturbation method can be considered as combination of the classical perturbation technique and the homotopy (whose origin is in the topology [2]), but not restricted to the limitations of traditional perturbation methods. For example, this method does require neither small parameter nor linearization, and only requires little iteration to obtain accurate solutions [3] and [4].
We define the two parts of equation (1) as L( y) and N( y) , where
Construct the homotopy statement as
As in He’s homotopy perturbation method, it is obvious that when ρ=0, Eq. (3) becomes the harmonic equation; L( y) =0. Thus,
According to linear differential equations theory, the general solution of (4) is expressed in terms of two linearly independent solutions, say, eiωt and e-iωt . Thus, the composite solutions may be in the form
where A and its complex conjugate Ā are arbitrary constants of integration. Eq. (3) becomes the original nonlinear Mathieu equation (1) as ρ=1 . For arbitrary the small parameter ρ, the solution of equation (3) can be sought in terms of ρ so that the function y(t) becomes y(t,ρ) . Accordingly, equation (3) can be rewrite as
It can be noticed that the homotopy function (6) is essentially the same as (3), except for function y(t,ρ), which contain embedded the homotopy parameter ρ . The introduction of that parameter within the differential equation is a strategy to redistribute the periodic part between the successive iterations of the homotopy method, and thus increase the probabilities of finding the sought solution. Thus, as ρ moves from 0 to 1, the function y(t, ρ) moves from y0(t) to yapp(t). Expand the function y(t,ρ) as a power series in the small parameter ρ such that
where yn(t);n =1,2,3,... n are unknowns in needs to determined. Substituting this expansion into the homotopy equation (6) and equating terms with identical powers of ρ , leads to
Equation (8) can be satisfied by
Substituting (11) into equation (9) gets the for
Before analyzed the first-order problem we must distinguish between two cases. The case of the frequency Ω is not equal the nature frequency ω (which is known as the non-resonance case). The second one is the specific case when Ω approaches ω (which is known as the resonance case).
For arbitrary frequency Ω , there are secular terms appears in equation (12). Elimination such secular terms requires that the arbitrary constant A be zero. This means that expansion (7) cannot be successfully to obtain valid solution for excited homotopy equation (6).
TTo obtain uniform expansions for problems of this kind, the expansion (7) needs to be modified. If we modulate the initial solution (5) so that the constant A becomes A(τ) with τ=ρt, such that
Then (11) in the modulate case becomes
where
Consequently, the homotopy state, equation (6), in the modulated form becomes
It is convenient to choose the modulated function Y(t,τ , ρ) in separated variables as
The function u(t,ρ) can be expanded as a power series in the small parameter ρ such that
where un(t);n =1,2,3,... n are unknowns to be evaluated. If the expansion (18) is substituted into (17) then gets
where cc. indicates to the complex conjugate for the preceding terms and
It is noted that
and
where dots indicate differentiation with respect to the time t , while dashes refer to the derivative with respect to the time modulate τ. Substituting (17) into equation (16) using (21) and (22) gives
Equation (23) remains obey the same homotopy concept, because it’s become the same
harmonic equation (4) as ρ → 0 . In addition consequently the original equation (1) is found.
In the light of (18), the modulate homotopy equation (23) will be expanded as a power series in ρ so that the following non-homogenous harmonic equations are imposed:
It is noted that equation (24) has been satisfied by (15) and the zero- order solution for equation (16) as approved in (14). Substituting (15) into (25) becomes
This equation contains secular terms at the non-resonance case and another secular terms when the applied frequency Ω approaches the natural frequency ω.
The analysis in this case concerned with the arbitrary chosen for the applied frequency Ω , in equation (27). At this stage, secular terms are removed when
with its complex conjugate one. This leads to obtain the valid function u1(t) as
Consequently, the solution at the first-order problem is formulated as
Substituting (15) and (29) into (26), using (28), yields
The valid solution requires to removing the terms that producing unbounded solution. These terms implies the following nonlinear solvability condition:
The second-order solution is found to be
If the accuracy to the second-order perturbation is enough, then the approximate solution at the non-resonance case is formulated by substituting (14),(15), (30) and (33) into (19), and setting ρ=1 , gets
The stability criteria at the non-resonance case, can be obtained for solving equation (28). One may use the following polar form [1]:
with real the unknowns functions ξ(τ) and η(τ) . Insert (35) into the first-order solvability condition (27) which will separate into real and imaginary parts and gives
where, ξ0 and &eta0 are integration constants. Clearly, the stability criteria at the non-resonance case requires that μ> 0.
Return to the first-order problem equation (27) and re-analyzed it in view of the nearness of Ω to ω . We express this approach by introducing the detuning parameter σ [1] such that
Accordingly, we have
Elimination of secular terms from equation (27), in view of (37) and (38) yields
The first-order solution at this case is
Using (40) with equation (26) we obtain the uniform solution for the second-order problem, and the following solvability is presented:
with its complex conjugate. The valid function Y2(t,τ) is given by
The approximate solution up to the second-order is formulated by substituting from (14), (15), (40) and (42) into (15) gets
In the limiting case as k → 0 into equation (1), linear damping Mathieu equation arrived. In this case the two solvability conditions (39) and (41) that produced at the resonance case of Ω is near ω having the following limit case
The first-order solvability condition (44) can be used to find the stability picture at the resonance case. The second-order solvability condition (45) can be used to find the value of the detuning parameter σ .
It is easy to show that equation (44) can be satisfied by the form
where, the parameter μ must be positive, in order to find damping solution. The argument Θ is given by the following characteristic equation:
The parameter σ can be evaluated by substituting (46) into the second-order solvability condition (45) to gets
The use of the first value of σ with (47) yields a zero solution for equation (44). For non-zero solution, the other values for σ are conforms. Inserting (48) into (47) gets
Clearly, the stability criteria requires that the right-hand-side of (49) be positive, which implies that
Stability condition (50) can be rearranged in powers of the applied frequency Ω as
The transition curves separating stable state from unstable state corresponding to
The first-order solvability condition (39) can be used to find the stability picture at the resonance case. The second-order solvability condition (41) can be used to find the value of the detuning parameter σ .
In order to relax the periodic term into equation (39) we let
with real functions α and β . Insert (55) into (39), separating real and imaginary parts yields
In order to solve the above coupled nonlinear equations (56) and (57), we may discuss the
behavior at the steady-state response. This case is corresponding to the case of . If the solutions of (56) and (57), at the steady-state, are represented by α0 and β0, which are given by
where r2=α02+β02 is used. Equations (58) and (59) are two coupled algebraic equations in α0 and β0. For nontrivial solutions in α0 and β0, we obtain
In addition the constants α0 and β0 may be chosen as
Squaring both equations in (61) and adding we get
Combing (60) with (62) yields
In order to find a constrain for bounded solution we may modulate the functions α and β as
where the functions α1(τ) and β1(τ) refer to a small deviation from the steady-state solution α0 and β0 . Then the system of (56) and (57) in the linearizing form becomes
The above system are two coupled linear differential equations of first-order in the two functions α1 and β1 . This system can be satisfied by
where Θ is given by the following characteristic equation:
where relations (61) are used. This characteristic equation depends on the two related parameters σ and r2. This relation between them is given in (60) or in (63).
By help of the second-order solvability condition (41) one can find an expression for both the unknowns σ and r2 in terms of the frequency Ω . To accomplish this, one may substitute the steady-state solution
into the second-order solvability condition (41). Separating the real and imaginary parts, produces the following relations, between the parameters σ ,Ω and r2 :
where relations (61) are used. Removing the parameter σ from (72), by using its equivalent in (63), gives a polynomial of second-order in r2
Replacing r2 and r2 into (71) with their equivalents in (63) and (72) leads to the following quadratic equation in the detuning parameter σ :
This equation gives two values σ1 and σ2 for the detuning parameter σ which makes the solution (55) without unknowns.
Clearly, the stabilization for the problem requires that the right-hand side of (69) be positive provided that the exponential in (67) and (68) has positive values. It is noted that the stability reveals as the coefficient of the periodic term in (1) tends to zero. The instability arrived as the parameter q going away the zero value. Thus, the stability conditions are found as
Removing the parameter r2 from the above stability conditions by using (72) yields the following two conditions for stability:
The transition curves separating stable state from unstable one are corresponding to
Using the definition (37) the above transition curves can be sought within the parameter ρ
In order to obtain the transition curves independent of the parameter ρ , we may inserting (80) as well as (81), into the relation (74) , then the following transition curves are imposed:
It is noted that the instability state lies between the above transition curves. The constant coefficients aj and , bj j = 0,1,2,3 are given below:
In this study we proposes a variation of the homotopy perturbation method, by using a modulation technique, which allows to find solutions for ordinary differential equations with periodic coefficients. This work has been employed to analyze of parametrically excited oscillator without smallness the cubic nonlinearity. The simplest equation of this type is the Mathieu equation which usually contains a small parameter [14-15]. As in the homotopy perturbation [3], the analysis has no dependence on equations having a small parameter. Due to this modulation technique a solvability condition at each level of perturbation is imposed. Solving these solvability conditions leads to studying the stability behavior. Stability conditions, in both resonance and non-resonance cases are derived.
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